Safely managed sanitation is a focus of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and central to stunting reduction and early childhood survival, both identified by the World Bank’s Human Capital Index as critical for humans to develop their full potential. In 2015, 4.5 billion people lacked access to safely managed sanitation. This report finds that hundreds of millions more people are exposed to significant health risks due to unsafely managed sanitation.
The report explores the challenges of fecal sludge management (FSM) in densely populated rural areas. It presents some typical current practices, examples of financially sustainable FSM services, and global innovations in waste management with potential replicability for FSM.
The report aims to promote dialogue on how to move from the Millennium Development Goals’ approach to rural sanitation—effectively, building toilets—to the SDGs’ approach: safely managed sanitation systems.
The report concludes that the sanitation service chain spans both private and public goods, and market mechanisms are not always adequate to mitigate the safety risks.
Public funding will be needed to cover the affordability gap and address safely managed sanitation, requiring a clear and long-term commitment and support from government. The case is similar to that for networked sanitation: without public support, improving the safety of existing FSM services is likely to decrease profit margins and potentially render businesses unviable.
